TYPE · 91 ENTRIES

Cognitive biases

Systematic errors in judgment, baked into how the brain weighs evidence.

The bedrock category — Kahneman & Tversky territory. These are the biases that show up in decisions, predictions, and beliefs no matter how careful you think you're being.

#4
Confirmation Bias cognitive bias illustration
Confirmation Bias
Belief & Conviction
 #11
Placebo Effect cognitive bias illustration
Placebo Effect
Belief & Conviction
 #15
ELIZA Effect cognitive bias illustration
ELIZA Effect
Modern & Algorithmic
 #17
Magical Thinking cognitive bias illustration
Magical Thinking
Belief & Conviction
 #20
Fundamental Attribution Error cognitive bias illustration
Fundamental Attribution Error
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #23
Just-World Hypothesis cognitive bias illustration
Just-World Hypothesis
Moral, Ethical & Justice
 #24
Berkson's Paradox cognitive bias illustration
Berkson's Paradox
Probability & Logic
 #26
Anchoring Bias cognitive bias illustration
Anchoring Bias
Probability & Logic
 #28
Loss Aversion cognitive bias illustration
Loss Aversion
Value & Resource Allocation
 #30
Pessimism Bias cognitive bias illustration
Pessimism Bias
Probability & Logic
 #31
Negativity Bias cognitive bias illustration
Negativity Bias
Perception & Attention
 #32
Positivity Effect cognitive bias illustration
Positivity Effect
Memory & Recall
 #33
McNamara Fallacy cognitive bias illustration
McNamara Fallacy
Probability & Logic
 #36
Reactance cognitive bias illustration
Reactance
Action & Inertia
 #38
Not Invented Here cognitive bias illustration
Not Invented Here
Belief & Conviction
 #48
Endowment Effect cognitive bias illustration
Endowment Effect
Value & Resource Allocation
 #50
False Consensus Effect cognitive bias illustration
False Consensus Effect
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #53
Salience Bias cognitive bias illustration
Salience Bias
Perception & Attention
 #54
Normalcy Bias cognitive bias illustration
Normalcy Bias
Perception & Attention
 #55
Overconfidence Effect cognitive bias illustration
Overconfidence Effect
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #59
In-Group Bias cognitive bias illustration
In-Group Bias
Social & Tribal Dynamics
 #60
Zero-Sum Bias cognitive bias illustration
Zero-Sum Bias
Probability & Logic
 #63
Optimism Bias cognitive bias illustration
Optimism Bias
Probability & Logic
 #64
Status Quo Bias cognitive bias illustration
Status Quo Bias
Action & Inertia
 #68
Self-Serving Bias cognitive bias illustration
Self-Serving Bias
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #70
Declinism cognitive bias illustration
Declinism
Belief & Conviction
 #73
Regret Aversion cognitive bias illustration
Regret Aversion
Action & Inertia
 #78
Automation Bias cognitive bias illustration
Automation Bias
Modern & Algorithmic
 #81
Implicit Stereotyping cognitive bias illustration
Implicit Stereotyping
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #82
Semmelweis Reflex cognitive bias illustration
Semmelweis Reflex
Belief & Conviction
 #85
Intentional Stance cognitive bias illustration
Intentional Stance
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #87
Empathy Gap cognitive bias illustration
Empathy Gap
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #90
Information Avoidance cognitive bias illustration
Information Avoidance
Belief & Conviction
 #91
Authority Bias cognitive bias illustration
Authority Bias
Social & Tribal Dynamics
 #94
Bias Blind Spot cognitive bias illustration
Bias Blind Spot
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #97
Hostile Attribution Bias cognitive bias illustration
Hostile Attribution Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #99
Naïve Realism cognitive bias illustration
Naïve Realism
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #101
Anthropomorphism cognitive bias illustration
Anthropomorphism
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #102
Choice-Supportive Bias cognitive bias illustration
Choice-Supportive Bias
Memory & Recall
 #103
Selective Perception cognitive bias illustration
Selective Perception
Perception & Attention
 #105
Functional Fixedness cognitive bias illustration
Functional Fixedness
Perception & Attention
 #111
Hyperactive Agency Detection cognitive bias illustration
Hyperactive Agency Detection
Perception & Attention
 #114
Omission Bias cognitive bias illustration
Omission Bias
Action & Inertia
 #116
Moral Licensing cognitive bias illustration
Moral Licensing
Moral, Ethical & Justice
 #117
Disposition Effect cognitive bias illustration
Disposition Effect
Value & Resource Allocation
 #118
Effort Justification cognitive bias illustration
Effort Justification
Value & Resource Allocation
 #121
Out-Group Homogeneity cognitive bias illustration
Out-Group Homogeneity
Social & Tribal Dynamics
 #122
Egocentric Bias cognitive bias illustration
Egocentric Bias
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #123
Attentional Bias cognitive bias illustration
Attentional Bias
Perception & Attention
 #125
Outcome Bias cognitive bias illustration
Outcome Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #129
Actor-Observer Bias cognitive bias illustration
Actor-Observer Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #132
Hyperbolic Discounting cognitive bias illustration
Hyperbolic Discounting
Value & Resource Allocation
 #136
Need for Closure cognitive bias illustration
Need for Closure
Belief & Conviction
 #141
Naïve Cynicism
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #142
Conservatism Bias cognitive bias illustration
Conservatism Bias
Belief & Conviction
 #144
Algorithmic Aversion cognitive bias illustration
Algorithmic Aversion
Modern & Algorithmic
 #146
System Justification
Social & Tribal Dynamics
 #147
Scope Insensitivity
Probability & Logic
 #148
Belief Bias cognitive bias illustration
Belief Bias
Probability & Logic
 #149
Insensitivity to Sample Size
Probability & Logic
 #151
Information Bias
Choice & Decision Architecture
 #153
Zero-Risk Bias
Probability & Logic
 #154
Group Attribution Error
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #157
Impact Bias
Probability & Logic
 #160
Regression Fallacy
Probability & Logic
 #164
Congruence Bias cognitive bias illustration
Congruence Bias
Probability & Logic
 #167
Proportionality Bias
Probability & Logic
 #170
Focusing Illusion
Perception & Attention
 #172
Defensive Attribution
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #173
Duration Neglect
Memory & Recall
 #174
Distinction Bias
Choice & Decision Architecture
 #177
Reactive Devaluation
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #178
Restraint Bias
Ego & Self-Preservation
 #179
Trait Ascription Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #180
Pro-Innovation Bias
Belief & Conviction
 #183
Extrinsic Incentive Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #186
Additive Bias cognitive bias illustration
Additive Bias
Choice & Decision Architecture
 #187
Narrative Fallacy
Probability & Logic
 #193
Intentionality Bias
Interpersonal & Attribution
 #198
Moral Luck
Moral, Ethical & Justice
 #201
Severity Bias
Moral, Ethical & Justice
 #203
Motivated Reasoning
Belief & Conviction
 #205
Continued Influence Effect cognitive bias illustration
Continued Influence Effect
Belief & Conviction
 #206
Projection Bias
Value & Resource Allocation
 #207
Cyberchondria Bias
Modern & Algorithmic
 #209
Reality Apathy
Modern & Algorithmic
 #211
Backfire Effect cognitive bias illustration
Backfire Effect
Belief & Conviction
 #212
Mood-Congruent Memory
Memory & Recall
 #221
Omission Neglect
Perception & Attention
 #228
Techno-Solutionism
Belief & Conviction
 #231
Intention-Action Gap
Action & Inertia
OTHER TYPES

The other 7 types of glitch.

Memory effects 29

How memory rewrites itself — distortions, false confidence, fading detail.

Social effects 31

What other people's presence, opinions, and signals do to your thinking.

Decision traps 22

Patterns that hijack a clean decision into a costly one.

Metacognitive errors 22

Glitches in how you think about your own thinking.

Perceptual effects 16

Where the eyes (or attention) lie before the brain even gets a vote.

Logical fallacies 11

Argument moves that look like reasoning but skip a step.

Heuristics 9

Mental shortcuts — fast, often right, occasionally catastrophic.

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